International reserves (or reserve assets in the balance of payments) are those external assets that are readily available to and controlled by a country’s monetary authorities. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), international reserves comprise foreign currencies, other assets denominated in foreign currencies, gold reserves, special drawing rights (SDRs) and IMF reserve positions. These reserves may be used for direct financing of international payments imbalances, or for indirect regulation of the magnitude of such imbalances via intervention in foreign exchange markets in order to affect the exchange rate of the country’s currency. A narrower definition for international reserves only includes foreign currency deposits and bonds. These assets held by the country’s monetary authorities are usually denominated in different reserve currencies, mostly the U.S. dollar (USD), the Euro (EUR), the Japanese yen (JPY) and the British pound (GBP).
This chart displays International Reserves (USD bn) for Euro Area, Middle East & North Africa from 2010 to 2022.
International Reserves (USD) Data
| 2017 | 2018 | 2019 | 2020 | 2021 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Afghanistan | 7 | 7 | 6 | 6 | - |
| Albania | 3.6 | 3.9 | 3.8 | 4.8 | 5.7 |
| Algeria | 98 | 80 | 63 | 49 | 46 |
| Andorra | - | - | - | 0 | 0 |
| Angola | 18.2 | 16.2 | 17.2 | 14.9 | 15.5 |
| Antigua and Barbuda | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Argentina | 55 | 66 | 45 | 39 | 40 |
| Armenia | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.8 | 2.6 | 3.2 |
| Aruba | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Australia | 66.76 | 53.74 | 58.94 | 43.09 | 58.76 |
| Austria | 21.6 | 23.2 | 23.6 | 30.4 | 34.1 |
| Azerbaijan | 6.7 | 6.7 | 7.0 | 7.6 | 8.3 |
| Bahamas, The | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Bahrain | 2.3 | 1.9 | 3.4 | 1.9 | 3.9 |
| Bangladesh | 33.4 | 32.0 | 32.7 | 43.2 | 46.2 |
| Barbados | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Belarus | 7 | 7 | 9 | 7 | 8 |
| Belgium | 26 | 27 | 29 | 33 | 42 |
| Belize | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Benin | 3 | 2 | 1 | 2 | 3 |
| Bhutan | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Bolivia | 8.5 | 7.2 | 4.4 | 2.7 | 2.2 |
| Bosnia-Herz. | 6.5 | 6.8 | 7.2 | 8.7 | 9.5 |
| Botswana | 7 | 7 | 6 | 5 | 5 |
| Brazil | 374 | 375 | 357 | 356 | 362 |
| Brunei | 3.3 | 3.2 | 4.1 | 3.7 | 4.7 |
| Bulgaria | 28.4 | 28.7 | 27.9 | 37.7 | 39.3 |
| Burkina Faso | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Burundi | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Cabo Verde | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Cambodia | 11.3 | 13.4 | 17.0 | 18.6 | 17.3 |
| Cameroon | 3.2 | 3.5 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 4.3 |
| Canada | 86.63 | 83.93 | 85.30 | 90.43 | 106.62 |
| CdI | 6.2 | 6.4 | 7.4 | 9.4 | 10.7 |
| Central African Republic | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Chad | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Chile | 39 | 40 | 41 | 39 | 51 |
| China | 3,236 | 3,168 | 3,223 | 3,357 | 3,427 |
| Colombia | 47.6 | 48.4 | 53.2 | 59.0 | 58.6 |
| Comoros | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Congo | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Costa Rica | 7.1 | 7.5 | 8.9 | 7.2 | 6.9 |
| Croatia | 18.9 | 19.9 | 20.8 | 23.2 | 28.5 |
| Cyprus | 11 | 10 | 12 | 15 | 16 |
| Czech Republic | 148.0 | 142.5 | 149.9 | 166.1 | 173.6 |
| Denmark | 76 | 70 | 66 | 72 | 81 |
| Djibouti | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Dominica | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Dominican Republic | 6.8 | 7.6 | 8.8 | 10.8 | 13.0 |
| DR Congo | 0.7 | 0.7 | 1.2 | 0.7 | 3.5 |
| Ecuador | 2.5 | 2.7 | 3.4 | 7.2 | 7.9 |
| Egypt | 31 | 44 | 44 | 38 | 41 |
| El Salvador | 3.6 | 3.6 | 4.4 | 3.1 | 3.4 |
| Equatorial Guinea | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Eritrea | 0 | 0 | 0 | - | - |
| Estonia | 0 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
| Ethiopia | 3.0 | 4.0 | 3.0 | 3.0 | - |
| Euro Area | 353 | 378 | 387 | 423 | 566 |
| Fiji | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Finland | 10.5 | 10.3 | 11.4 | 12.1 | 16.8 |
| France | 176 | 175 | 195 | 232 | 254 |
| Gabon | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - |
| Gambia, The | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Georgia | 3.0 | 3.3 | 3.5 | 3.9 | 4.3 |
| Germany | 200 | 198 | 224 | 268 | 297 |
| Ghana | 6.9 | 6.2 | 7.4 | 7.7 | 9.8 |
| Greece | 8 | 8 | 8 | 12 | 15 |
| Grenada | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Guatemala | 11.8 | 12.8 | 14.8 | 18.5 | 20.9 |
| Guinea | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - |
| Guinea-Bissau | 4 | 3 | 1 | 5 | 2 |
| Guyana | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Haiti | 2.3 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 2.6 | 2.7 |
| Honduras | 4.7 | 4.8 | 5.7 | 8.1 | 8.7 |
| Hong Kong | 431 | 425 | 441 | 492 | 497 |
| Hungary | 28.0 | 31.4 | 31.9 | 41.3 | 43.6 |
| Iceland | 6.6 | 6.3 | 6.8 | 6.4 | 7.1 |
| India | 425 | 413 | 478 | 577 | 607 |
| Indonesia | 130 | 121 | 129 | 136 | 145 |
| Iran | 113 | 122 | 15 | 14 | 18 |
| Iraq | 45.6 | 60.8 | 63.3 | 48.6 | 58.6 |
| Israel | 113.0 | 115.3 | 126.0 | 173.3 | 213.0 |
| Italy | 151 | 152 | 175 | 210 | 229 |
| Jamaica | 3.8 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 3.9 | 4.8 |
| Japan | 1,264.28 | 1,270.98 | 1,323.75 | 1,394.68 | 1,405.75 |
| Jordan | 15.6 | 14.6 | 15.4 | 17.0 | 19.0 |
| Kazakhstan | 31 | 31 | 29 | 36 | 34 |
| Kenya | 7.3 | 8.2 | 9.1 | 8.3 | 9.5 |
| Korea | 389 | 404 | 409 | 443 | 463 |
| Kosovo | 0.8 | 0.9 | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.2 |
| Kuwait | 34 | 37 | 40 | 48 | 45 |
| Kyrgyzstan | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.4 | 2.8 | 3.0 |
| Laos | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Latvia | 4.6 | 4.4 | 4.5 | 5.3 | 5.5 |
| Lebanon | 43.5 | 40.6 | 38.2 | 25.0 | 18.5 |
| Lesotho | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - |
| Liberia | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - |
| Libya | 75 | 81 | 79 | 73 | 75 |
| Lithuania | 3.7 | 5.0 | 4.5 | 4.0 | 4.9 |
| Luxembourg | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 3 |
| Macao | 20 | 20 | 22 | 25 | 27 |
| Madagascar | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
| Malawi | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - |
| Malaysia | 102 | 101 | 104 | 108 | 117 |
| Maldives | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Mali | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |
| Malta | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Mauritania | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Mauritius | 5 | 6 | 7 | 6 | 7 |
| Mexico | 173 | 175 | 181 | 196 | 202 |
| Micronesia, Federated States of | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Moldova | 2.8 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.8 | 3.9 |
| Mongolia | 3 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 4 |
| Montenegro | 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.5 | 2.1 | 2.0 |
| Morocco | 26 | 24 | 26 | 36 | 36 |
| Mozambique | 3.3 | 3.0 | 3.8 | 4.0 | 3.4 |
| Myanmar | 5.2 | 5.6 | 5.8 | 7.7 | - |
| Namibia | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 |
| Nauru | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Nepal | 9 | 8 | 8 | 11 | 9 |
| Netherlands | 39 | 38 | 43 | 54 | 65 |
| New Zealand | 20.73 | 17.64 | 17.85 | 13.70 | 16.15 |
| Nicaragua | 2.8 | 2.3 | 2.4 | 3.2 | 4.0 |
| Niger | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Nigeria | 38.8 | 43.1 | 38.6 | 35.4 | 40.5 |
| North Macedonia | 2.8 | 3.3 | 3.7 | 4.1 | 4.1 |
| Norway | 66 | 63 | 67 | 75 | 84 |
| Oman | 16 | 17 | 17 | 15 | 20 |
| Pakistan | 20 | 14 | 12 | 17 | 22 |
| Palau | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Panama | 3 | 2 | 3 | 10 | 9 |
| Papua New Guinea | 2 | 2 | 2 | - | - |
| Paraguay | 8 | 8 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
| Peru | 64 | 60 | 68 | 75 | 79 |
| Philippines | 81.6 | 79.2 | 87.8 | 110.1 | 108.8 |
| Poland | 113.3 | 117.0 | 128.4 | 154.2 | 166.0 |
| Portugal | 26 | 25 | 25 | 29 | 33 |
| Qatar | 15.0 | 30.4 | 39.7 | 41.0 | 42.2 |
| Romania | 44.6 | 42.1 | 42.0 | 52.0 | 52.1 |
| Russia | 433 | 468 | 554 | 596 | 631 |
| Rwanda | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.8 | 1.9 |
| Saint Kitts and Nevis | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Saint Lucia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Samoa | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| San Marino | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
| Sao Tome and Principe | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Saudi Arabia | 496 | 496 | 499 | 453 | 455 |
| Senegal | 2.7 | 3.4 | 3.2 | 5.0 | 4.7 |
| Serbia | 12.0 | 12.9 | 15.0 | 16.5 | 18.7 |
| Seychelles | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Sierra Leone | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Singapore | 280 | 288 | 279 | 362 | 418 |
| Slovakia | 2 | 4 | 6 | 6 | 7 |
| Slovenia | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Solomon Islands | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Somalia | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| South Africa | 45.3 | 46.4 | 49.1 | 47.4 | 50.1 |
| South Sudan | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | - |
| Spain | 69 | 71 | 75 | 81 | 93 |
| Sri Lanka | 8 | 7 | 8 | 6 | 3 |
| Sudan | 0 | - | - | - | - |
| Suriname | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 |
| Swaziland | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Sweden | 62 | 60 | 56 | 59 | 62 |
| Switzerland | 812.86 | 787.70 | 853.42 | 1,079.39 | 1,113.03 |
| Taiwan | 452 | 462 | 478 | 530 | 548 |
| Tajikistan | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.5 | 2.2 | 2.5 |
| Tanzania | 5.9 | 5.0 | 5.6 | 4.8 | 6.4 |
| Thailand | 203 | 206 | 224 | 258 | 246 |
| Timor-Leste | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Togo | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Tonga | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Trinidad and Tobago | 8 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 |
| Tunisia | 6 | 5 | 8 | 9 | 9 |
| Turkey | 84 | 73 | 79 | 50 | 73 |
| Turkmenistan | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Tuvalu | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| UAE | 95 | 99 | 107 | 103 | 128 |
| Uganda | 3.6 | 3.2 | 3.2 | 3.8 | 4.3 |
| Ukraine | 18.8 | 20.8 | 25.3 | 29.1 | 30.9 |
| United Kingdom | 138 | 160 | 158 | 161 | 176 |
| United States | 123.31 | 125.80 | 129.48 | 144.89 | 251.24 |
| Uruguay | 16.0 | 15.6 | 14.5 | 16.2 | 17.0 |
| Uzbekistan | 28 | 27 | 29 | 35 | 35 |
| Vanuatu | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Venezuela | 10 | 9 | 7 | 6 | 11 |
| Vietnam | 49.1 | 55.5 | 78.3 | 94.8 | 109.4 |
| West Bank and Gaza | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
| Yemen | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 0.0 |
| Zambia | 2.1 | 1.6 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 2.8 |
| Zimbabwe | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 |